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Some of the risks

From Wikipedia:

Risks

Some people believe the LHC could lead to the destruction of Earth . According to these CERN could:

• Create a stable black hole
• Create strange matter more stable than ordinary matter
• Create magnetic monopoles that could catalyze proton decay

The scientific community argues that there is no danger. It is known that the Earth is constantly hit by cosmic rays energy also vastly superior to that of the LHC beams, without causing any damage. In addition, although blacks were produced mini holes, they evaporate immediately due to Hawking radiation and would therefore be harmless.

However, the nuclear physicist says Wagner, a mini black hole created in the laboratory is significantly different from one created by high-energy cosmic rays hitting the Earth . If cosmic rays produce very small holes blacks, as some theories, would travel to a speed on the Earth very high (0.9999 c) and, as a neutrino , through the Earth at about 0.25 seconds without interact with matter, or at least to interact, however, would swallow up to a few quark to a very slow pace.

Instead nell'LHC a mini black hole created would be relatively at rest, and there would be one chance in 10 ^ 5 that reaches the Earth's escape velocity, if the speed of minibuco black was less than the escape velocity of Earth would be captured by Earth's gravitational field and after a while 'of time interacting with matter and slowly become more and more mass up to swallow the Earth. This provided the Hawking radiation does not exist because if it existed then, the mini black hole would evaporate and there would be endangered.

Regarding the Hawking radiation of its existence has not been verified and might not even exist. If there were blacks created the mini holes would be stable and could destroy the Earth. However, the physicist says Landsberg, Hawking wrong even if the mini black holes devour matter so slowly that it would take a milligram to devour more of the universe. However, according to some

the growth of the black hole would be exponential, not linear, as they say, the physicists at CERN. This is for several reasons:

• To calculate the growth rate of the black hole CERN used the " Schwarzschild radius" for the accretion cross section. When the black minibuco travel at very low speeds, do not use the Schwarzschild radius to calculate the increase. This is because at low speeds the capture radius of the black hole is larger than the Schwarzschild radius. If the speed of MBN were zero, gravitational attraction would be active at a distance greater than the Schwarzschild radius. If a
• MBN swallows a electron will acquire a charge and thus swallow a proton . If a
• MBN swallows a quark probably swallow a proton. When a quark is captured, the whole nucleon will probably arrested because otherwise the black hole would acquire a fractional charge (For example - 1 / 3.). In a nucleus a fractional charge is unstable and is not allowed. This strongly suggests that MBN will swallow the other fractional charges to acquire a full charge. The
• Gauge forces at short distances could help an MBN to capture a atomic nucleus. According to James Blodgett MBN a low-speed capture nucleons 8,400 per hour at the beginning of an exponential process.
• the center of the earth new processes that would occur would increase the size of the black hole as mentioned further up, in ten years 3160 MBN could be captured from Earth. All MBN progressively lose speed because of numerous interactions. After a certain period of time all these MBN will head towards the center of the Earth's gravity. Because of numerous interactions it will stop and join in a single MBN.
  The bulk of this will be roughly 12:02 MBN g and its radius will be 4 x 10 ^ -17 m. At the center of the Earth, pressure is 3.6 x 10 ^ 11 Pascal. This pressure is generated by on Earth that presses on the electron cloud of atoms of the core. The motion of electrons is responsible for the pressure "degenerescence" offsetting the pressure on Earth.
  Around a black hole is not an electronic cloud and there is no pressure degenerescence which offsets the pressure of all matter on Earth. The pressure equals force divided by area. If F = constant and the surface decreases the pressure increases. Here F is the weight of the Earth and this does not change. As the surface of the MBN will be very small, the pressure on its surface will be approximately 7 x 10 ^ 23 Pa. The high pressure in this region will push all matter in the direction of the MBN.
  will be captured before the electrons and then the nuclei.
  is certain that the atoms are captured one after the other and more la pressione sarà grande più l'accrescimento sarà veloce. Quando una stella di neutroni comincia a collassare in un buco nero ( implosione ), all'inizio il buco nero è soltanto un mini buco nero che poi si espanderà fino a diventare di dimensioni normali. L'accrescimento del mini buco nero in una stella di neutroni è accelerato dalla pressione gravitazionale che rompe la forza forte che tiene uniti i quark all'interno dei nucleoni .
  Al centro della Terra la pressione è normalmente troppo bassa per avviare questo processo, ma se creiamo un MBN a bassa velocità che non evapora e se questo buco nero precipita al centro della Terra dove resta a riposo, la pressione the center of the Earth could be sufficient for the growth of MBN. We must remember that in the vicinity of the MBN "strong force" is broken and this means that the same kind of process that occurs in a neutron star could work there (though at a slower rate than the neutron star). At the center of the Earth, the high pressure, high temperature the growing mass associated with electrical and gauge forces could lead to a process of exponential growth. An MBN of 0.02 ga rest at the center of the earth could swallow matter at a rate ranging from 1 g / sec to 5 g / sec.

According to the German scientist Rossler mini blacks swallow holes the Earth in 50 months. Walter Wagner and Luis Sancho have filed a lawsuit in court in Hawaii CERN, the Fermilab in Chicago and the U.S. Department of Energy who participated in the construction of the accelerator.

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What is LHC? The purpose of the blog

From Wikipedia: The

Large Hadron Collider (LHC ) is a particle accelerator , currently in the final stages of construction at the CERN of Geneva for collisions between protons and between heavy ions.

A part of a superconducting magnet LHC.

LHC is the 'particle accelerator largest and most powerful ever made by' man , designed to collide protons an 'energy in center of mass of 14 TeV , never reached so far in the laboratory. It is built inside a tunnel 27 km located on the border between France and Switzerland, which was originally dug to build the Large Electron-Positron Collider (LEP).

I componenti più importanti di LHC sono gli oltre 1600 i magneti superconduttori raffreddati alla temperatura di 1,9 °K (-271,25 °C ) da elio liquido superfluido che realizzeranno un campo magnetico di circa 8 Tesla , necessario a mantenere in orbita i protoni all'energia prevista. Il sistema criogenico di LHC è il più grande che esista al mondo .

L'entrata in funzione del complesso, inizialmente prevista per la fine del 2007 , è stata spostata all'estate del 2008 , initially to lower energy of 10 TeV .

The machine will accelerate two particle beams circulating in opposite directions, each contained in a vacuum tube, which collide at four points along the orbit, at the caves in which the tunnel widens to make room for large experimental halls . In these stations, there are four major experiments of particle physics : ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus ) CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid ) LHCb and ALICE . These devices consist of several huge detectors using different technologies and will work around the point where the beams collide. The collisions will be produced by transforming a part of the very energy into mass, many particles passing through the detectors and whose properties will be measured by the detectors.

Among the main purposes of the studies will look for traces of the existence of these particles between Higgs boson and new particles.

The scientific program also provides for the LHC heavy-ion collisions. lead nuclei will be accelerated energy of 2.7 TeV for nucleon, corresponding to 575 TeV for nucleus.

Experiments at the LHC

The scientific program includes six of the LHC experiments, for most currently installed, and the final stage of testing. The two experiments are larger ^{ATLAS [7]} (A Toroidal LHC Apparatus ) and CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid ) detectors which are very large and advanced tacnologia made by international collaboration involving more than 2000 physicists. The LHCb experiment is instead designed to study the physics of B mesons, while ALICE is optimized for the study of collisions between heavy ions. The two detectors are smaller and TOTEM LHCf specialized to study the collisions that produce small particles angle to the direction of the beams.

scientific purposes

CMS detector of LHC

I physicists around the world propose to use LHC for answers a number of issues they consider critical to continuing the investigation physics.

• What is the origin of mass ? In particular, there is Higgs boson, the particle expected in the Standard Model to give rise to particle masses?
• What is the origin of the mass of baryons ? of generating plasma of quarks and gluons will occur non-perturbative origin of a large fraction of the mass of the universe?
• Why elementary particles have different masses? In other words, the particles interact with the Higgs field ?
• We now know that 95% of the mass of ' universe consists of matter similar to the one we know for some time. Of What is this? In other words, what are the dark matter el ' dark energy? There
• supersymmetric particles (SUSY )? There are other
• addition to the three spatial dimensions and one time, as provided by various models of string theory ?
• What are the characteristics of CP violation that can explain the asymmetry between matter and antimatter , that is the near absence of antimatter in ' universe?
• What can you know with details of known objects (such as quark top)?

Technologies

LHC is a storage ring, an evolution of the synchrotron intended to allow the study of collisions between particles, maximizing the energy of the center of mass . No coincidence that the English term originally used to define these machines was synchro-clash (clash = collision). Currently, the term most frequently used is collider.

The acceleration of an elementary particle requires an electric field while magnetic fields, while not doing work on a moving charge, can change the direction of its motion: the synchrotron, then, a ring of magnetic dipoles forces the particles to travel roughly circular orbit, while the RF cavity placed along the path actually give energy to the beams. The magnetic field, and thus the current flowing in the dipoles is directly proportional to the momentum of particles and must be controlled with a precision of one part in one hundred thousand (in most modern machines).

The electric field is produced by generating a powerful stationary electromagnetic wave inside the cavity resonant : Since the field is dunque per definizione oscillante, l'arrivo delle particelle all'interno della cavità deve essere sincronizzato con i momenti in cui il campo è orientato in modo da generare una forza nella direzione del moto (questo è il senso del nome sincro trone). Ne segue ovviamente che le particelle devono essere concentrate in "pacchetti", tecnicamente detti bunch , che percorrono l'orbita allineati l'uno dietro l'altro e con una spaziatura prefissata. Inoltre, la frequenza dell'onda stazionaria dovrebbe essere modificata in funzione della velocità con cui le particelle percorrono l'orbita: questo non è un problema rilevante per LHC dato che le particelle iniettate sono già estremamente prossime alla velocità of light when they are expelled from ' SPS.

Under full operation, the spacing between two bunch in LHC will be about 7.5 meters, corresponding to a time interval of 25 nanoseconds.

The installed power for acceleration at the LHC is quite small: the entire machine using only sixteen cavities (8 per beam), placed at station 4, powered by klystron of 300 kW. This is possible because the protons, relatively massive particles, even at LHC energies produce little synchrotron radiation due to centripetal acceleration of the dipoles (only 3.7 kW beam emitted by a whole). The limiting factor for performance of the LHC is not the ability to enter into the beam more energy than it loses, but to force him into orbit or magnetic field of the dipoles, which were made with superconducting coils at the frontier of possibilities in these technologies .

In the case of LEP previous apparatus, the order of priorities was exactly the reverse: the intensity of dipole field was not critical, so that these could be achieved by simple steel plates embedded in concrete, while maintaining energy of the beam required the installation of hundreds of rooms acceleration and a very considerable power consumption (in the order of hundreds of megawatts). It is for this reason that the LHC has been designed as a hadron collider .

However, the low loss of radiation beams of the LHC can not be ignored, although the reason for which is fundamentally different issues. The low emissions but may in fact be enough to overheat the magnets, which operate with only one degree Kelvin margin than the critical temperature for the loss of superconductivity . For this reason it was necessary to provide proper shielding and a cooling line to the outside of the dedicated beamline (beam tubes).

Energie involved

The energy stored in the various devices that make up the LHC and in the beam itself, in operating conditions will be extremely high and the potential to severely damage the machine if it were accidentally released and for this reason The functioning of the will be constantly supervised by technicians and an advanced Machine Protection System can automatically detect malfunctions and to perform the appropriate corrective actions, if necessary within a few microseconds .

In the case of serious malfunctions of the computer will order a beam dump, or la deviazione immediata di ogni fascio fuori dell'anello e all'interno di un tubo rettilineo che lo porterà a colpire un apposito bersaglio in una zona dove non possa fare danni. Il sistema di dump è collocato alla stazione 6.

Uno degli incidenti più comuni potrebbe essere il quench di un magnete di guida superconduttore, ovvero il surriscaldamento di una parte del suo avvolgimento che porti alla perdita della superconduttività : quando questo accade, la corrente circolante viene rapidamente dissipata e il magnete cessa di funzionare. In queste condizioni, LHC non può operare e il dump è obbligatorio.

Anche la minima frazione di particelle che viene normalmente persa dall'acceleratore during the operation may be sufficient to cause quench: for this reason, the beam collimation areas (stations 3 and 7) are placed collimators of furniture that should intercept the outgoing particles from the beam before they reach a magnet or any other vital part machine.

provided with a beam current of 530 milliamps and an energy of 7 TeV , the instantaneous power released by each of the two beams will be nearly 4000 gigawatts : emergency expulsion during the blocks of absorber will have to endure this power for 91 microseconds , during which a total energy of 362 will be released Megajoules , corrispondente all'esplosione di 86 kg di tritolo .

I collimatori posizionati nelle stazioni 3 e 7, oltre ad assorbire il flusso di particelle perse in condizioni normali come già detto, possono resistere fino ad un "colpo" completo dell' SPS , nel caso possibile di un errore in fase di iniezione che porti alla non cattura del fascio in ingresso (energia di 2,4 megajoule) ^[12] . Quando questo collaudo è stato effettuato, in concomitanza all'impatto del fascio dei microfoni posti nel tunnel hanno registrato un rumore simile ad un colpo d'arma da fuoco.

Trattamento dei dati

experiences that will be made with this machine will produce huge amounts of data, about 10 Pebibyte data for years. The only way to make this manageable amount of data (should be 10% of the mass of data produced annually on Earth) expected to be used channels faster transmission system Grid to sort the data in storage systems and processing installed in laboratories, at least 200, who will be engaged in such research.

We remind you that the bulk of the data actually stored and analyzed will be much less than the flow of crude measures output from the detectors: in fact, the bulk of the events to be observed in nature will certainly be well known and no practical interest. A complex system of dedicated detectors and computers organized in various stages, these stages trigger will eliminate the vast majority of the surveys, retaining only the data of events deemed to be of potential interest based on a number of conditions specified by the investigators. In the case of

ATLAS, for example, the electronics of the first stage of trigger will be placed in a room a few meters of the experimental cavern, since a longer way of data (for location at speeds similar to those of light) would introduce an unacceptable delay for this stage, which must select from 40 million collisions per second an average of 100,000 events. After examination of the third stage, only 200 events per second should be recorded and relayed to the analysis later.

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We started this blog because we realized that in Italy we know far too little regard to ' LHC. The Large Hadron Collider , this is the full name of the project, was built to CERN in Geneva. This is the largest particle accelerator ever created, whose start-up scheduled for next May could open up new doors for scientific research and answer many questions remained unsolved over the years. What you, however, many people around the world are concerned, it is not already done a thorough analysis of the risks associated with its power, an analysis that takes into consideration all possible scenarios that may exist. In the worst cases, in fact, the outcome of this experiment could lead to the end of the world, as we will explain in later posts. Obviously, we are convinced that the scientists working on the project have not even they have no intention of disappearing along with our beautiful world, but it is also true that the possibility that this might arise is excluded on the basis of assumptions not completely demonstrated. This blog does not want to be anything scandalous or, still worse, apocalyptic, but only one voice on an issue in Italy has been silent if not handled with ironic tones. Therefore, do not tempt the plot, but in a serious dialogue and collaboration that can involve those who are really experienced and can give us concrete answers. Our cause is requesting the postponement of the experiment, waiting for his safety and is supported by valid arguments that address all the objections that were raised by other members of the scientific environment outside of CERN. Unlike other similar groups were born in America, we have the good fortune to be geographically close to Geneva, home il CERN, e speriamo quindi di entrare in contatto con qualche insider.
Rimandiamo ai successivi post, che per il momento saranno di natura divulgativa di modo da spiegare come funziona l'esperimento anche a chi non ne ha mai sentito parlare. Ricordiamo il nostro invito al rispetto di tutte le opinioni e, ovviamente, a non scadere nella paranoia, dato che prima di tutto stiamo trattando di argomenti razionali e scientifici che richiedono rigore per essere discussi.